The Curious Cat Investing, Economics and Personal Finance Carnival is published twice each month. We find useful recent personal finance, investing and economics blog posts and articles to share with you.

• 2 Billionaire Brothers’ Insider Buying At Colfax by Zack Miller – “[In] the Danaher Business System… management believes its found a demonstrable, repeatable recipe for success, and it drives both culture and process at the company and its acquisitions. DBS is a form of Japanese kaizen, comprising 4 components: 1) People 2) Plans 3) Processes 4) Performance” [I own Danaher and have it in my 12 stocks for 10 year portfolio - John, my management blog focuses on such management systems]
• Apple’s Impossibly Good Quarter by John Hunter – “You can’t grow quarterly sales from $ 26.7 billion to $ 46.3 billion. $ 26 million to $ 46 million, fine that is possible, billions however – not possible. Except Apple did. You can’t grow a $ 6 billion quarterly profit to $ 13 billion in 1 year. Except Apple did. You can’t generate a cash flow of $ 17.5 billion in a quarter. Except Apple did. You can’t have a stockpile of $ 100 billion in cash. Except Apple does. These figures would not have been seen as unlikely just 3 years ago. They were impossible. But Apple achieved them.”
• How to Save the Euro by George Soros – “the cuts in government expenditures that Germany wants to impose on other countries will push Europe into a deflationary debt trap. Reducing budget deficits will put both wages and profits under downward pressure, the economies will contract, and tax revenues will fall. So the debt burden, which is a ratio of the accumulated debt to the GDP, will actually rise, requiring further budget cuts, setting in motion a vicious circle.”
• Japan’s Trade Figures: Some Perspective by Eamonn Fingleton – “In a typical maneuver, goods might be shipped to China via Hong Kong. The goods are exported from Japan at heavily discounted prices and a Hong Kong subsidiary takes a huge profit in selling to China. Such profits constitute hidden export revenues that are not caught in the visible trade numbers. The maneuver makes sense because Japan’s corporate tax rate is one of the world’s highest.” [This is one, of many things, that make economic data difficult to rely on - you have to pay close attention to the details - John]
• Krugman Take on $ 12 Trillion Question Rings True – “Japan’s toxic mix of too much debt, too little growth, too many old people and too few babies will end badly if Tokyo doesn’t get its act together. It’s important, though, to highlight where Fingleton is right. Japan is pretty close to a model society. It is an incredibly safe, clean, efficient, predictable…”
• Wall Street’s Achilles’ Heel – Efficient Market Hypothesis Doesn’t Always Work by Shailesh Kumar – “Market inefficiencies create undervaluation that an investor can buy into. In some other cases, it can also create overvaluation that an investor can sell into or avoid. It is beneficial for a self managed investor to be alert for these situations as the difference in performance between a value biased portfolio and a market neutral portfolio can be very significant over the life of the portfolio.”
• These Three Jobs Are a Great Way for a Teen to Earn Money and Learn Something About Life at the Same Time – “My opinion is that one of the best ways for a teenager to learn about making and saving money is to get a summer-job, or work part-time. These are absolutely amazing ways to gain valuable experience in helping others and learn about responsibility, endurance, and teamwork, and earn money in the process”
• USA Spends $ 7,960 Compared to $ 3,800 for Other Rich Countries on Health Care with No Better Health Results by John Hunter – “It is possible to argue the USA provides mediocre results, which is consistent with most global health care performance measures. Unless you directly benefit from the current USA system it is hard to see how you can argue it is not the worst system of any rich country: costing twice as much and achieving middling performance.”

The latest data from the commonwealth fund report confirms the status quo. The USA spends twice as much on their health care system for no better results. It is easier to argue the USA is below average in performance that leading. And for double the cost that is inexcusable.

Globally the rich countries citizens are not tremendously happy with health care systems overall. It seems likely not only does the USA cost twice and much as it should and perform poorly compared to countries doing an excellent job but the USA performs that poorly compared to countries that themselves have quite a bit of improvement to make. Which makes the state of the USA system even worse.

Data from the Commonwealth fund report published in 2011 with data for 2009, International Profiles of Health Care Systems, 2011:

Table showing, percent of GDP spent and total spending per capita in USD on health care by country.

Under currently law in the USA by 2020 the uninsured rate should decline to under 5% by 2020 (still far more than any rich country – nearly all of which are at 0%).

On many performance measures in the report the USA is the worst performing system (in addition to costing twice as much). Such as Avoidable Deaths, 2006–07, the USA had 96 per 100,000, the next highest was the UK at 83, Australia was the lowest at 57. And Diabetes Lower Extremity Amputation Rates per 100,000 population, the USA had 36 the next highest was New Zealand at 12, the lowest was the UK at 9. For experiencing a medical, medication or lab test rrror in past 2 years, the USA was at 18%, next worst was Canada at 17%, best was UK at 8%. The USA was top performer in breast cancer five-year survival rate, 2002–2007. And sometimes the USA was in the middle, able to get same/next day appointment when sick: the USA was at 57%, New Zealand achieved 78% while Canada only reached 45%.

It is possible to argue the USA provides mediocre results, which is consistent with most global health care performance measures. Unless you directly benefit from the current USA system it is hard to see how you can argue it is not the worst system of any rich country. Costing twice as much and achieving middling performance. All that doesn’t even factor in the cost in anguish and bankruptcies and restricting individual freedom (when you have to stay tied to a job you would rather leave, just because of health insurance) caused by the difficulty getting coverage and fighting with the insurance companies for payment and coverage for treatment expenses.

Related: Measuring the Health of Nations – USA Paying More for Health Care – Traveling for Health Care – resources for improvement health system performance

Apple has been performing amazingly well for years. They keep producing blockbuster hits over and over. Not only are these hits enormously popular they are enormously profitable.

The only real objections to Apple’s stock I can see are: the overall market value is so huge it just has to collapse (over $ 400 billion – the largest in the world) or it has to be time for a huge reversal of fortunes.

The problem with the view that it will fall is that the stock is very cheap by any rational measure. You are not paying much for all the earnings. Even if Apple does not continue the trend of the last 5 years, if it just stopped growing altogether, it is still cheap (if it does continue that trend it will break $ 1 trillion by 2014 – but I don’t think it will). The biggest risk is the profit margin shrinks drastically. That is possible. It is even somewhat likely to shrink a fair amount. But there isn’t much reason to think revenues will not grow. And to me, the current price makes sense only if revenues fall and profit margins fall. It takes the worst case scenario to make this stock seem overpriced.

The data on the last quarter (and for 2011 overall) are impossible (except they actually happened).

• record quarterly revenue of $ 46.33 billion ($ 26.74 billion in 2010)
• record quarterly net profit of $ 13.06 billion ($ 6 billion in 2010)
• Gross margin was 44.7 percent compared to 38.5 percent in the year-ago quarter
• $ 17.5 billion in cash flow from operations during the quarter (and $ 38 billion in the last year)
• $ 100 billion in cash now ($ 97.6 billion to be exact but since the data was gathered they probably passed $ 100 billion anyway). That is more than the market cap of all but 52 companies in the world.

You can’t grow quarterly sales from $ 26.7 billion to $ 46.3 billion. $ 26 million to $ 46 million, fine that is possible, billions however – not possible. Except Apple did. You can’t grow a $ 6 billion quarterly profit to $ 13 billion in 1 year. Except Apple did. You can’t generate a cash flow of $ 17.5 billion in a quarter. Except Apple did. You can’t have a stockpile of $ 100 billion in cash. Except Apple does. These figure would not have been seen as unlikely just 3 years ago. They were impossible. But Apple achieved them.

These figures are not short term blips. They are the latest in a long stream of amazingly results.

Related: How Apple Can Grow from $ 200 Billion to $ 300 Billion In Market Cap – Apple Tops Google (August 2008)

Apple has numerous, incredibly strong businesses. Each could be the linchpin of an extremely valuable company.

• iPhone initial sales and reoccurring income (over 50% of Apple’s revenue)
• app sales (for iPhones, iPads and Macs)
• iPads
• iTunes
• Macs
• Their retail store business – selling all their products

Potentially huge business: Apple TV and ebook sales. It is hard to see how they could have serious stumbles in numerous of these extremely profitable businesses all at the same time.

Some more interesting figures:

• international sales accounted for 58% of sales
• 37 million iPhones (128% growth)
• 15.4 million iPads (111% growth)
• 5.2 million Macs (26% growth) – this used to be their whole business, now you forget it even exists. The MacAir is excellent, by the way, that is what I am using to write this post.
• 15.4 million iPods (21% decline)
• Apple paid $ 700 million to developers (as part of the app business) last year, and has paid out over $ 4 billion in total.
• Apple’s profit for the quarter ($ 13 billion) exceeded Google’s revenue ($ 10 billion)

I do strongly believe Apple should pay a sizable regular dividend (at least 1.5%). But I don’t know if the odds are great that they will. One risk is they blow the money in foolish ways. When you $ 100 billion and generate over $ 3 billion more each month it is hard to appreciate that risking a few billion here and a few billion there really matters.

For each business there is risk and certainly possibilities of slower growth, decline and profit margin contraction. The stock is priced for quite a bit of earnings decline. And has been for awhile. I understand the reluctance to buy a company that has a market cap over $ 400 billion. But when you look at the finances and contemplate the future it is hard to see how the stock is not cheap. There are risks. There are risks with every stock and risks to the future profitability of every company.

Having so many extremely strong, extremely profitable business puts Apple in a great position. It is hard to see how they can come up with another business line that can make a difference to the profits of a $ 400 billion company. But the stock price isn’t expecting that. It isn’t expecting growth in revenue. It isn’t expecting growth in profits. From where I sit the potential for Apple from the current price (PE of 13) is much greater than the risk. And even with a 8% increase today is cheaper than yesterday (the news is so impossibly great that 8% doesn’t capture the value of that news).

I own Apple stock, but not enough. My sleepwell portfolio includes Apple stock. I was smart enough to finally buy it after waiting for years thinking the price wasn’t good enough.

Related: Intel Reports Their Best Quarter Ever (July 2010) – Google up 13% on Great Earnings Announcement – Amazon Soars on Good Earnings and Projected Sales – Leadership quotes from Steve Jobs

Welcome to the Curious Cat Investing, Economics and Personal Finance Carnival: find useful recent personal finance, investing and economics blog posts and articles. The carnival is published twice each month. This carnival is different than others in two significant ways. First, I select posts from the blogs I read (instead of just posting those that submit to the carnival). I think this provides readers a better selection of valuable material (many of the best blogs don’t take time to submit to carnivals). And second, I include articles when I think they are interesting. I figure the primary purpose is to provide links to good recent content, so just because something isn’t a blog post doesn’t exclude it from inclusion.

• Recovering Adam Smith’s ethical economics – “He justified commercial society for its tremendous contribution to the prosperity, justice, and freedom of its members, and most particularly for the poor and powerless in society.” [This post covers a topic I think is very important and have written about several times - John]
• A Man. A Van. A Surprising Business Plan. by Zoe Chace – “Adam had tricked out the van to be a mobile solution to Chinese bureaucracy. There are a couple of Mac laptops and a printer, plus an old couch, Christmas lights and bamboo mats. It’s as cozy as a dorm room. And confused visa applicants line up outside.” [wonderful - John]
• Chart of Manufacturing Output from 2000 to 2010 by Country by John Hunter – “Europe has 4 countries in this list (if you exclude Russia) and they do not appear likely to do particularly well in the next decade, in my opinion. I would certainly expect Brazil, India, Korea and Indonesia to out produce Italy, France, UK and Spain in 2020. In 2010 the total was $ 976 billion by the European 4 to $ 961 billion by the non-European 4. In 2000 it was $ 718 billion for the European 4 to $ 343 billion (remember all the data is in 2010 USD).”
• Ultimate Sustainable Dividend Portfolio – “I would expect the Ultimate Sustainable to do better in difficult times and worse in great times. Why? The USDP is a more stable portfolio that will fluctuate less over time…”
• The Renminbi is the Love Child of the Baht and the Króna – “When crisis hit Thailand in 1996 and Iceland in 2008, the baht lost half of its value against the U.S. dollar, and the króna lost over 60% against the euro. The growth in the money supply leading up to the crisis in both currencies is the same trend we see occurring with the Renminbi now.”
• Making It in America by Adam Davidson, the Atlantic – “manufacturing output continues to grow strongly; in the past decade alone, output from American factories, adjusted for inflation, has risen by a third. Yet the success of American manufacturers has come at a cost. Factories have replaced millions of workers with machines.”
• Why I Am Switching Career Tracks – “My plan is to expand my online efforts to the point that it replaces day job. Once this happens, I plan to work on creating truly passive income streams that can be managed in less than 3 days each week. I plan to incorporate real estate and dividend stocks to complement my online business.”

If you would like to be considered for guest hosting a future edition of the carnival please make a comment including a link to your blog. I will be selective in what blogs I have guest host. My management blog has been hosting a carnival for years now.

Related: 2011 annual management blog roundup

I decided to take a look at some historical economic data to see if some of my beliefs were accurate (largely about how well Singapore has done) and learn a bit more while I was at it.

GDP in USD for countries

I just picked countries that interested me and seemed worth looking at. I looked for some around the starting position of Singapore and close to Singapore geographically. And looked at Panama as the closest match to Singapore (for Singapore’s main 1970 asset, convenient for shipping lanes, and very close for GDP per capita).

Malaysia and Singapore were 1 country after independence (from 1963-1965).

I can’t imagine more than a couple countries could reasonably be argued to have had better economic performance from 1970 to 2010 than Singapore (Korea? China? Who else?). Singapore had very little going for it in 1970. They had a good location for shipping and that is about it macro-economically. No natural resources. No huge storage of wealth. No preeminence in science, technology or business.

It seems to me that Singapore actually did have 1 other thing. A government that was to preside over a fantastic economic growth success. You won’t find many textbooks talking about the way to economic success is a very well run government. And there is good reason for that, I believe. Relying on a very well run government will nearly always fail. In some ways Singapore was like Japan but with significantly more government influence on the way economic development played out.

I was surprised how poorly the USA has faired. It isn’t so surprising that we lagged. People forget how rich the USA was in 1970. The USA is still very rich but bunched together with lots of other rich countries instead of way out ahead as they were in 1970. And in 1970 the lead was already contracting, for what it had been earlier. But even knowing the relative performance of the USA had lagged, I was surprised by how much it under-performed.

I was also surprised with India. I knew they have done poorly but I didn’t realize it had been this poor. The failures to greatly improve infrastructure, education and the stifling effect of their bureaucracy have been causing them great harm. They have been doing some good things in the last 10 years especially but still have a long way to go. Their premier education is actually pretty decent. The problem is the other 90% of the education is often poor and many people (especially women) hardly have any education at all. It is very hard to get ahead when you fail to take advantage of the talents of so many of your people.

Related: Singapore and Iskandar Malaysia – Chart of Largest Petroleum Consuming Countries from 1980 to 2010 – Chart of Nuclear Power Production by Country from 1985-2009 – Top Countries For Renewable Energy Capacity

** I made an adjustment which distorts the data a bit but seems fine to me. I adjusted the 1970 figure provided by the source using the US Fed price deflator. I took 24 for 1970 and 111 for 2010. Then I divided 111 by 24 = 4.625. So I multiplied the 1970 figure by 4.625 so that the 2010 and 1970 figures are reported on an equivalent basis (so $ 10,000 in 1970 column = $ 10,000 in the 2010 column). Then the percentage increase are not having inflation inflating the percentage increase. Also it makes the 1970s figure more easily understandable (it is hard to appreciate that $ 2,500 is a high figure for GDP per capita).

*** many of the 2010 figures are IMF forecasts

The 12 stock for 10 years portfolio consists of stocks I would be comfortable putting into an IRA for 10 years. The main criteria is for companies with a history of large positive cash flow, that seemed likely to continue that trend. I am considering adding Abbot to the portfolio, and maybe dropping Cisco.

Since April of 2005 the portfolio Marketocracy* calculated annualized rate or return (which excludes Tesco) is 5.7% (the S&P 500 annualized return for the period is 3.9%). Marketocracy subtracts the equivalent of 2% of assets annually to simulate management fees – as though the portfolio were a mutual fund – so without that (it is not like this portfolio takes much management), the return beats the S&P 500 annual return by about 380 basis points annually (it would be a bit less with Tesco, but still close above 3%, I would think – calculating rates of return with purchases and sales and dividends is a complete pain, which is one reason Marketocracy is so nice).

The current stocks, in order of return:

The current marketocracy results can be seen on the Sleep Well marketocracy portfolio page.

Related: 12 Stocks for 10 Years: Feb 2011 Update – 12 Stocks for 10 Years, July 2011 Update – 12 Stocks for 10 Years, July 2009 Update – hand picked articles on investing

I decided to lighten up on Tesco and will likely buy Abbot (ABT). I am considering selling Cisco (largely to reduce the overload on technology and to keep the number of stocks down – I still think it is a perfectly good stock). I would still consider replacing PetroChina and Pfizer: I like both sectors more than I like the companies themselves. Still as part of the portfolio I think they are valuable. I would like a bit more exposure to commodities and health care but I haven’t found the right companies to add to this portfolio (I tend to like smaller, companies and haven’t found ones I am happy to lock away for a 5-10 year holding period).

In order to comply with the marketocracy diversification rules and deal with not being able to buy Tesco (in marketocracy) I own fairly small amounts of several other stocks in the portfolio (that are included in the marketocracy return). I only have: ATP Oil & Gas (ATPG) and USG left (and may sell them soon – especially if I keep Cisco).

* In order to track performance created a marketocracy portfolio but had to make some minor adjustments (and marketocracy doesn’t allow Tesco to be purchased, though it is easily available as an ADR to anyone in the USA to buy in real life – it is based in England).
** Tesco had a purchase price of $ 22.55 on Dec 11th 2006 and has paid approximately 40 cents a year in dividends. The current price is $ 17.89. The -13% return is just an estimate.

Nonfarm payroll employment rose by 200,000 in December, and the unemployment rate declined to 8.5% (the lowest rate in 3 years), continuing a downward trend. The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for October was revised from +100,000 to +112,000, and the change for November was revised from +120,000 to +100,000 (which results in total increase of 192,000 with this report: 200,000 – 8,000 lost in revisions).

The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) continues to be a big problem and was little changed at 5.6 million, accounted for 42.5% of the unemployed (quite a high percentage). While adding 192,000 is better than losing jobs or adding fewer, it is still not enough to make up for the credit crisis job losses. The economy needs to add 125,000 a month to keep up with population growth. Sustained gains over 230,000 month after month are needed to be what I would see as good, and really above 270,000 would be much better – but given the Eurozone problems, staying about 200,000 may really be good news.

The civilian labor force participation rate (64.0%) and the employment-population ratio (58.5%) were both unchanged over the month.

Over the past 12 months, nonfarm payroll employment has risen by 1.6 million. Employment in the private sector rose by 212,000 in December and by 1.9 million over the year. Government employment changed little over the month but fell by 280,000 over the year.

Employment in transportation and warehousing rose sharply in December (+50,000). Almost all of the gain occurred in the couriers and messengers industry (+42,000); seasonal hiring was particularly strong in December.

Retail trade continued to add jobs in December, with a gain of 28,000. Employment in the industry has increased by 240,000 over the past 12 months.

In December, manufacturing employment expanded by 23,000, following 4 months of little change. Employment increased in December in transportation equipment (+9,000), fabricated metals (+6,000), and machinery (+5,000).

Related: USA Unemployment Rate Rises to 9.8% (Nov 2010) – USA Unemployment Rate Remains at 9.7% (March 2010) – Over 500,000 Jobs Disappeared in November 2008

Mining employment rose by 7,000 over the month. Over the year, mining added 89,000 jobs.

Health care continued to add jobs in December (+23,000); employment in hospitals increased by 10,000. Over the year, health care employment has risen by 315,000.

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 0.1 hour to 34.4 hours in December. The manufacturing workweek increased by 0.1 hour to 40.5 hours. Factory overtime decreased by 0.1 hour to 3.2 hours. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls edged up by 0.1 hour to 33.7 hours.

In December, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 4 cents, or 0.2 percent, to $ 23.24. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased by 2.1 percent. In December, average hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees were unchanged at $ 19.54.

Chart of output by top 10 manufacturing countries from 1980 to 2010. The chart was created by the Curious Cat Economics Blog based on UN data. You may use the chart with attribution.

China has finally actually taken the lead as the largest manufacturer in the world. Reading many news sources and blogs you may have thought the USA lost the lead a couple of decades ago, but you would be wrong. In 1995 it looked like Japan was poised to take the lead in manufacturing production, but they have slumped since then (still they are solidly the 3rd biggest manufacturer). China has been growing manufacturing output enormously for 20 years, and they have now taken the lead from the USA.

As I have been saying for years the biggest economic story about manufacturing is the dramatic and long term increase of productive capacity in China. The next is the continuing global decline in manufacturing employment: increased productivity has seen production rise year after year and employment fall. What is the next most interesting stories is debatable: I would say the continuing failure to appreciate the continuing strong manufacturing production increases by the USA. Another candidate is the the decline in Japan. Another is the increase in several other counties: Korea, Brazil, India, Indonesia…

Looking more closely at some of the long term data shows how much China stands out. From 1980 to 2010 China increased output 1345%. The total top 10 group increased output 302% (all data is in 2010 USD). From 1995 to 2010 China increased output 543%. The group increased 64%. For 1980-2010, the results for the other 3 largest manufacturing countries are: USA up 218%, Japan up 261% and Germany up 148% (other countries doing very well are Korea up 1893% and India up 737%). Looking at the last half of that period, from 1995-2010 the: USA up 44%, Japan down 11% and Germany up 19%.

You can that the other largest manufacturing countries fail to keep up with the increases of the entire group of the top 10. China’s gains are just too large for others to match. If you remove China’s results (just to compare how the non-China countries are doing) from 1980-2010 the increase was 216% (so compared to the other 9 top manufacturers over this period the USA was even and Japan better than the average and Germany was worse). And from 1995-2010 the top 9 group (top 10, less China) increased just 28%: so the USA beat while Japan and Germany did worse than the other 9 as a group.

So you can see even with China growing manufacturing output enormously most other countries are also increasing manufacturing output (no matter how may articles talk about disappearing manufacturing in the USA and Europe), in constant dollars. The growth in output globally has been tremendous – largely driven by growing demand in China, India, Korea, Brazil, Mexico, Malaysia… in addition to growing demand in USA, Japan, Germany, UK, France, Italy… In the next 20 years more of the growth is likely to be in the first group listed in the previous sentence (as well as in Africa, if we are lucky – there are many good signs from Africa in the last 10 years).

Another interesting story, in the long term, is that Europe fell to just 5 of the top 10 countries this year and is likely to lose more. Brazil, Korea and India are not likely to be overtaken. Those three have the fastest growth rates since 1995 (other than China) and look to be in place to continue increasing capacity more than the others. On the verge of breaking through are: Russia, Mexico and Indonesia. Spain, recently replaced by India, doesn’t seem likely to get back into the top 10. France and the UK have the slowest growth rates for 1980-2010 and 1995-2010 (other than Japan from 1995-2010).

Several years ago you started to see stories about manufacturing moving from China to Vietnam or Thailand or some other countries for cheaper labor. I wondered about this so I looked at these countries and the total manufacturing output was lower than the amount China was increasing production by each year. Guess what, that is still true. In 2010 China increased output by $ 311 billion. Granted that was an enormous increase. So lets look at the average increase over the last 5 years, which is $ 196 billion.

A country with a total output of $ 196 billion would be in 12th place (Russia is at $ 209 billion – then you have $ 170-180 billion range, including Mexico, Indonesia and Spain). Total manufacturing production by several other countries: Thailand $ 113 billion, Malaysia $ 52 billion, Philippines $ 42 billion, Vietnam $ 20 billion (yes, barely over 10% of China’s yearly increase).

Can China increase output by $ 196 billion each year over the next 10 years, I very much doubt it. I would expect it to grow output, however. I also expect the USA to grow manufacturing output over the next 10 years. If I had to pick the top 10 manufacturing countries for 2020: China, USA, Japan, Germany, India, Brazil, Korea, Indonesia, Mexico, France. We will see how things turn out.

I will be adding a post tomorrow, looking more closely at the most recent period for the top manufacturing countries. And I will be posting more frequently on manufacturing data, and also economic data in general, in 2012.

Related: Countries with the Most Manufacturing Production from 1980 to 2009 – Manufacturing Output as a Percent of GDP by Country 1980 to 2008 – Manufacturing Data, Accuracy Questions – Manufacturing Jobs Data: USA and China (1990-2005)